Different between win XP and win 7

Most of the time this question has asked by interviewer. Many of the peoples are unable to answer it. So below article is helpful for those.

Windows XP was one of the successful operating system released by the Microsoft Company. Its features are more user friendly than previous operating system. There is a concept BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) in previous version of operating system. The Win XP brought up with rectification BSOD error.

Win 7 is successful operating system after win XP. Windows vista did not sell in market due to its drawbacks. Then win 7 version has released. It has implemented more graphical components and most attractive operating system now. Its GUI component is good and startup/shutdown is fast.

There is no necessity for the drivers to be installed in windows 7 but it requires in Windows XP

The Kernel of windows 7 is very good when compared to the Windows XP.

The windows defender in Windows 7 provides maximum security to the operating system but in Windows XP doesn’t have this future.

Outlook Express is removed from Windows 7 and replaced with Windows Mail.

The Documents and Settings folder has been replaced with Users folders.

Windows 7 is the first operating system from the software giant to natively support touch as a computer interface.

Below table shows you comparison between win XP and win 7.

Win XP has limited support from Microsoft, which has briefly explained in the below table.

HDTV

Now a day we are listening about High Definition TV at everywhere, but you people knows this technology? Let me give you the description of HDTV. It is the new technology television which gives you high resolution rate as compare to current NTSC and PAL video standards. HDTV is digital, but not all digital is HD TV. There are three formats of digital cable, standard, enhanced, and high definition. Standard has 480i, enhanced is 480p and high definition is 720p and 1080i resolution. High definition signal is transmitted in a 16:9 aspect ratio. It is also known as widescreen like screen in the movie theaters. You can buy HDTV with either standard (4:3) or wide screen aspect ratio. HDTV gives crystal clear surround sound, especially when HDTV set is connected to a Home Theater Audio System. Types of HDTV displays include direct view, plasma, rear screen, and front screen projection. HDTV requires an HDTV tuner to view and the most detailed HDTV format is 1080i.
 

The minimum performance attributes for HDTV:

• Display Scanning Format have active vertical scanning lines of 720 progressive (720p), 1080 interlaced (1080i), or higher

• It is capable of displaying a 16:9 image aspect Ratio. 

• Receiver receives ATSC terrestrial digital transmissions and decodes all ATSC cable 3 video formats.

• Audio receives and reproduces, and/or outputs Dolby Digital audio

Differences between LED and LCD display

There are mainly two types of displays are famous in people. One is LED and another LCD. LED stands for Light Emitting Diodes display and LCD is Liquid Crystal Display. Now a day’s peoples are confuse to decide which type of display is a good. That’s why I decided to publish the basic differences between LED and LCD displays.
 

LED TV is the newer modification of all current available displays.
 

Difference between LED and LCD display

-LED displays have better contrast ratio as compare to the LCD display.
-LCD display is unable to produce the dark areas of the images on the screen. Because of this, there is a loss of image quality. Whereas LED displays produces better black areas which in turn produces better contrast and clearer image.
-Color accuracy of LED display is very good than LCD.
-LED displays have much larger viewing angle as compare to LCD.
-LCD display beyond 30 degree angle from the center, the contrast ratio of the image start to diminish.
-LCD displays are available in the size range from 15inches to 65 inches whereas LED displays are available between 17inches and 70inches.
-Here in case of power consumption LED display consume more power than LCD display.
 

Above are the differences between LED and LCD display. Now it’s your choice which you selects both of one. It’s totally depending on your budget and requirement. LED is quite expensive the LCD display.

ITIL ( IT Infrastructure Library)

ITIL stands for IT Infrastructure Library. ITIL was developed by the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA). It is a set of comprehensive and iter-related codes of practice. Such code of good practice is very useful in terms of achieving the efficient support and delivery. Its main asset is independency.

ITIL is accredited by Information Systems Examinations Board (ISEB). ISEB is an organization which prepares delegates for the ITIL Foundation Certificate in IT Service Management. The ISEB was formed in 1967 and currently functions under the support of the British Computer Society (BCS). The ISEB aims to provide industry-recognized qualification that measure skill, ability and performance in many areas of information systems.

EXIN is another organization which provides ITIL examination. IT is an independent organization, Dutch-based IT examination provider. EXIN establishes educational requirements, develops and organize examinations in the field of Information Technology.
ITIL Foundation Certification is a first step to start the career in ITIL. This foundation certification is a gateway for the next certificates: practitioner and manager.
- It is multiple choice exam (only one answer is correct)
- It is a1 hour exam.
- Minimum passing score should be 26 out of 40 points.

How to change Text on XP start button.

Step 1 - Modify Explorer.exe File

The file explorer.exe located at C:\Windows. It needs to be edited.

It is a binary file and requires special editor for modifying.

I have used Resource Hacker.

Resource Hacker is a freeware utility to view, modify, rename, add, delete and extract resources in 32bit Windows executable and resource files (*.res).

It incorporates an internal resource script compiler and decompiler and works on Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems.

You can get this from http://delphi.icm.edu.pl/ftp/tools/ResHack.zip

First of all you have to take backup of Explorer.exe, which is located at C:\Windows and place it in a folder somewhere on your hard drive where it will be safe.

Run Resource Hacker and open explorer.exe located at C:\Windows\explorer.exe.

Navigate to category "String Table". Expand it by clicking on the plus sign then goes to the string 37 followed by highlighting 1033. If you are using the Classic Layout rather than the XP Layout, use number 38. The right hand pane will display the string table. We’re going to modify item 578, currently showing the word “start” just as it displays on the current Start button.

Double click on the word “start”, making sure the quotation marks are not part of the highlight. They need to remain in place, surrounding the new text that you’ll type. Type your new entry.

After the new text string has been entered the Compile Script button that was grayed out. Now it is active.

Click on Compile Script and then save the altered file using the Save As command on the File Menu. Do not use the Save command – Make sure to use the Save As command and choose a name for the file. Save the newly named file to C:\Windows.


Step 2 – Modify the Registry

Make a backup of your registry before making any changes.

Go to the Start Run and type regedit. Navigate to:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\ Windows NT\ CurrentVersion\ Winlogon

In the right pane, double click the "Shell" entry to open the Edit String dialog box. In Value data: line, enter the name that was used to save the modified explorer.exe file. Click OK.

Close Registry Editor and either log off the system and log back in, or reboot the entire system if that’s your preference. If all went as planned you should see your new Start button with the revised text.

Boot your Win xp Fast.

Sometime your PC or Laptop boot slowly after having good RAM and HDD. Last time we have seen how to enable fast shutdown. Now we are going to see "How enable fast boot in windows XP". I have mentioned some steps below which will help you.

Follow the following steps

1. Open notepad and type "del c:\windows\prefetch\ntosboot-*.* /q" (without the quotes) & save as "ntosboot.bat" in c:\.

2. Click on Start menu, select Run & type "gpedit.msc".

3. Go to "Computer Configuration" then "Windows Settings" and "script(startup/shutdown)".

4. Double click on "Shutdown" in the right window.

4. In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".

5. Click on "OK", "Apply","OK" and close the group policy editor.

6. Again click on Start menu, select "Run" & type "devmgmt.msc".

7. Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"

8. Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".

9. Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device or 1 that doesn't have 'device type' grayed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect' & click "OK".

10. Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.

11. Reboot your computer.

Note :- Please take technician help before doing above changes.

Upgrade your system with promemory

Computer is using for various purpose such as gaming, applications and entertainment, but one thing is that it needs to have more memory for better result.

RAM (Random Access Memory) is playing vital role in computer system. As a name it is used for accessing data randomly. More RAM size means more system speed. Now day’s peoples are mostly recommending more than 1GB RAM. RAM is volatile memory. Another function of RAM is to store data temporarily.

Now in market DDR, DDR1 and DDR3 memories are available, which are faster memory speed. So you can select proper type of memory and you can upgrade it.

Do you know about Pro memory upgrade? It is proving Dell memory upgrade as well as other well known computer brands memory upgrades. If you have branded computer such as like dell or any other, so you can upgrade your system with pro memory. You can do Dell memory upgrades for Dell PowerEdge Memory, Dell Dimension Memory and others.

I have found one good website for promemory upgrade. It is providing complete help to you for upgrading your Desktop, Laptop, Servers and many more. You can also see the procedures of upgrading memory on the video format. So hurry and check it out.

How to enable a Proper Shutdown?

Hi, I have found a good registry setting for your PC. Have you noticed? Many time you wants to shutdown your PC urgently and needs to go, but it takes time to shutdown due some application are running in back end or on your desktop. Then you start to do end task or close the application directly or do directly power off. Due to this cause the operating system crash or application which you had closed directly will get corrupt. Here your headache will not stop. It will happen every day. It looses your money, time and health. So I got some registry setting which helps you to overcome to all these issues. This is registry file which automatically ends tasks and timeouts that prevent programs from shutting down and clears the paging file on exit.

QUOTE
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management]
"ClearPageFileAtShutdown"=dword:00000001

[HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop]
"AutoEndTasks"="1"

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control]
"WaitToKillServiceTimeout"="1000"

You have to save this file as shutdown.reg
Then Double click the file to import into your registry.
Note: You should be login as admin rights.
If your anti-virus software warns you of a "malicious" script, this is normal if you have "Script Safe" or similar technology enabled.

Otherwise a good computer technician can do directly from registry editor. Make sure before using the registry editor you should have good knowledge about registry editor.

Precautions against the most common threats.

Below are some precautions, which you can take against the most common threats.

1)Use strong passwords and change them after specific time. Passwords should meet its standard (like at least seven characters; use letters and numbers and symbol). For example s4jmEob@5. So it will make much harder for anyone to gain access.

2)Windows Update and Office Update regularly (http://office.microsoft.com/productupdates); Windows Me, 2000, and XP users can configure automatic updates by clicking on the Automatic Updates tab in the System control panel and select the proper options.

3) Block pop-up spam messages in Windows NT, 2000, or XP by disabling the Windows Messenger service. Open Control Panel ->| Administrative Tools -> Services and you'll see Messenger. Right-click and go to the Properties. Set Start-up Type to Disabled and press the Stop button.

4) Purchase antivirus software and keep it up to date. If you want to use free Edition, so try Grisoft AVG Free Edition.

5) Install a personal firewall. So it will block the unauthorized access.

6) Install a spyware blocker. It will remove or block the harmful spywares.

7) If you are using a wireless network, then turn on the security features: Use MAC filtering, turn off SSID broadcast, and even use WEP with the biggest key you can get.

8) Do not open anonymous mails or download attachments, because they can spread virus on your systems. For precaution you have to delete such mails.

9) Don't give your password to anyone on internet.

Why your PCs crash? (Part-3)

Power supply problems

A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut. If this has become a trouble for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a very important if your data are critical, because a power cut will lost your unsaved data.

Software

Another common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Sometime problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use uninstall shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh installation..

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000, Windows XP.

Read the instructions carefully before using it, so you don't do damage to the Registry. If the Registry get damaged you need to reinstall your operating system.

Sometime Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. For this you have to restart or power on system.Then you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Overheating

The CPU equipped with fan, if fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a error called a kernel error. To overcome this problem you have to replace fan or CPU and keep CPU in cool environment.

Why your PCs crash? (Part-2)

Hardisk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

Why your PCs crash? (Part-1)

Bad RAM

RAM (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run the entire Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad RAM. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmed.

BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRAM has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Microsoft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself..

If there are lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the Internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a sound card, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Microsoft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

How to create an Outlook profile to use with RPC over HTTP

1. Click Start and then click Control Panel.

2. In Control Panel, do one of the following tasks:

· If you are using Category View, in the left pane, under See Also, click Other Control Panel Options, and then click Mail.

· If you are using Classic View, double-click Mail.

3. In Mail Setup, under Profiles, click Show Profiles.

4. In Mail, click Add.

5. In New Profile, in the Profile Name box, type a name for this profile, and then click OK.

6. In the E-mail Accounts wizard, click Add a new e-mail account, and then click Next.

7. On the Server Type page, click Microsoft Exchange Server, and then click Next.

8. On the Exchange Server Settings page, do the following steps:

· In the Microsoft Exchange Server box, type the name of your back-end Exchange server where your mailbox resides.

· Select the check box next to Use Cached Exchange Mode (optional, recommended).

· In the User Name box, type the user name.

· Click More Settings.

· On the Connection tab, in the Exchange over the Internet pane, select the Connect to my Exchange mailbox using HTTP check box.

· Click Exchange Proxy Settings.

9. On the Exchange Proxy Settings page, under Connections Settings, do the following steps:

· Enter the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the RPC proxy server in the Use this URL to connect to my proxy server for Exchange box. ---https:\\mail.abc.com

· Select the Connect using SSL only check box.

· Next, select the Mutually authenticate the session when connecting with SSL check box.

· Enter the FQDN of the RPC proxy server in the Principle name for proxy server box. Use the format: msstd:mail.abc.com.

· As an optional step, you can configure Outlook 2003 to connect to your Exchange server using RPC over HTTP by default by selecting the check box next to On fast networks, connect to Exchange using HTTP first, then connect using TCP/IP.

10. On the Exchange Proxy Settings page, in the Proxy authentication settings window, in the Use this authentication when connecting to my proxy server for Exchange list, select Basic Authentication.

11. Click OK.

How To Lock Your Folder

Hi,

Suppose you want to lock the folder games in d: which has the path D:\Games.

In the same drive create a text file and type ren games games.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}

Now save this text file as loc.bat create another text file and type in it ren games.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} games

Now save this text file as key.bat Now you can see 2 batch files loc and key.Press loc and the folder games will change to control panel and you cannot view its contents.

Press key and you will get back your original folder.

Hey do not forget to change games to ur folder name.

Shortcut Keys for Windows

Hi All, Before proceeding ahead I am publishing the windows shortcut keys.

General keyboard shortcuts:
CTRL+C (Copy)
CTRL+X (Cut)
CTRL+V (Paste)
CTRL+Z (Undo)
DELETE (Delete)
CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)

CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)

CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
CTRL+A (Select all)
F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word) CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word) ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
F5 key (Update the active window)
BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC (Open Task Manager)
ESC (Cancel the current task)
SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
F1 key (Display Help)
F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
TAB (Move forward through the options)
SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)

Accessibility keyboard shortcuts:
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts:
NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder) RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)
END (Display the bottom of the active window)
HOME (Display the top of the active window)
NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)

Shortcut keys for Character Map:
PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
END (Move to the end of the line)
CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)
RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
UP ARROW (Move up one row)
DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)

Microsoft Management Console (MMC) main window keyboard shortcuts:
CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
CTRL+N (Open a new console)
CTRL+S (Save the open console)
CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
CTRL+W (Open a new window)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
ALT+F4 (Close the console)
ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
ALT+V (Display the View menu)
ALT+F (Display the File menu)
ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)

MMC console window keyboard shortcuts:
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)
CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)

Remote desktop connection navigation:
ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen) ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)

Microsoft Internet Explorer navigation:
CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
CTRL+W (Close the current window)
CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)

Windows XP

The name XP is short for “experience” . Windows XP is created by Microsoft for personal computer, desktops, notebook computers and media centers.

There common editions of Windows XP are
Windows XP Home Edition: This is targeted to home user.

Windows XP Professional: It has additional features such as supports to Windows Server domains and two physical processors. This is targeted to business and enterprise clients.

Windows XP Media Center Edition: It has some additional multimedia features such as to record and watch TV shows, listen music and play DVD.

System Requirement:

Processor: 300 MHz or Higher

Memory: 128 MB or Higher

Video Adaptor and Monitor : Super VGA (800 x 600) or Higher resolution.

HDD free space : 1.5 GB or Higher

Microsoft has released three Service packs (SP1, SP2 and SP3) for Windows XP. Now Microsoft supports for only Windows XP SP2 and SP3. The new product in same category of operating system is Windows Vista.

Operating Systems

Operating system is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Computer without operating system is useless.

Operating system types
Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one categories.

GUI (Graphical User Interface): GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.
Windows 98
Windows CE
Windows XP
Windows Vista

Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. Below are some examples of multi-user operating systems. Linux
Unix
Windows 2000 Windows 2003 Windows 2008

Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
Windows 2003
Windows 2008

Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems.
Unix
Windows 2000
Windows 2003
Windows 2008

Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
Windows 2003
Windows 2008

Some Operating systems
MacOS
MS-DOS
IBM OS/2 Wrap
Windows CE
Windows 3.x
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 98 SE
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 2003
Windows 2008

MS DOS

Microsoft Disk Operating System is a command line user interface. Firstly introduced in 1981 for IBM computers. It was lastly updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. Now a day the command shell is using for Microsoft Windows. 

Microsoft DOS History.

MSDOS 1.0 was released in August, 1981.

MSDOS 1.25 was released in August, 1982.

MSDOS 2.0 was released in March, 1983.

Microsoft introduces MSDOS 3.0 for the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.1 for networks.

MSDOS 3.2 was released in April, 1986.

MSDOS 3.3 was released in April, 1987.

MSDOS 4.0 was released in July, 1988.

MSDOS 4.01 was released in November, 1988.

MSDOS 5.0 was released in June, 1991.

MSDOS 6.0 was released in August, 1993.

MSDOS 6.2 was released in November, 1993

MSDOS 6.21 was released in March, 1994

MSDOS 6.22 was released in April, 1994

Some MSDOS Commands.

DIR -- List The Directories.

CD -- Change the Directory.

MD -- Make the Directory.

RD -- Remove the Directory.

DEL -- Delete the files.

COPY -- Copy the files from source to destination folder.

EDIT -- Edit the file.

REN -- Rename the file or folder.

CLS -- Clear the Screen.

FORMAT -- Format the disk or drives.

 

Types of Operating systems.

Real-time Operating Systems: 

It is used to control industrial systems, scientific instruments and machinery. RTOS has very little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time every time it occurs.

Single-user, Single-tasking Operating System:

This operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm handheld computers are a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.

Single-user, Multi-tasking Operating System:

This operating system most people use on there desktop and laptop computers. Windows 98 and Mac O.S. are examples of this operating system that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. For example, a Windows user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet.

Multi-user Operating Systems:

A multi-user operating system allows many users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect the entire community of users. Unix, VMS, and mainframe operating systems are examples of multi-user operating systems. 

Processor - The Brain of Computer

Processor is the computer's brain. It's typically a square ceramic package plugged into the motherboard, with a large heat sink on top and often a fan on top of that. It allows the processing of numeric data, meaning information entered in binary form, and the execution of instructions stored in memory.

The first microprocessor  was invented in 1971. It was Intel 4004 and 4-bit calculation device with a speed of 108 kHz. Now microprocessor power has grown exponentially.

Processors are grouped into the following families, according to their unique instruction sets:

80x86 ("x" represents the family. 386, 486, 586, 686, etc.)

ARM

IA-64

MIPS

Motorola 6800

PowerPC

SPARC

All instructions in computer are processed by the CPU. There are many "CPU architectures", each of which has its own characteristics. The dominant CPU architectures used in personal computing are x86 and PowerPC. x86 is easily the most popular processor for this class of machine (the dominant manufacturers of x86 CPUs are Intel and AMD).